延河、清涧河流域地表水污染调查评价.pdf

西北大学
硕士学位论文
延河、清涧河流域地表水污染调査评价
姓名:张佳音
申请学位级别:硕士
专业:第四纪地质学
指导教师:岳乐平
20090609
摘要
近年来,陕北地区石油天然气资源的开采、城市规模和人口数量的迅速膨胀都对这
地区的地表水水质造成很大影响,使得本已紧张的水资源矛盾不断加剧。延安市地表
水资源质量状况已成为专家学者和人民群众关心的热点。本文通过资料收集、野外调查
现场采样和室内测试评价相结合的方法,系统全面的得到了延河、清涧河流域地表水的
水质状况。在枯水期和平水期分别进行了2次现场采样,布设地表水采样点30个,共
采集地表水样400余瓶,泉水和井水各1瓶。选取了pH值、矿化度(全盐量)、硬度、
六价铬、砷、镉、铅、氨氮、挥发酚、石油类、化学需氧量、氯化物、硫酸盐、硝酸盐
氮、总磷、氰化物、氟化物17项监测项目进行测试分析,筛选出了主要污染因子,查
清了各污染区域的污染现状,并分析了造成该地区地表水污染的主要原因。对延安市水
源地王窑水库“8.29”杏子河流域原油泄漏事故之后水库上、下游的石油类含量进行了
重点分析,总结了经验教训。对北洛河流域和延河、清涧河流域的地表水水质进行了对
比,得出两区域的水质污染状况的异同,并探究了原因。其主要结论如下:
(1)延河、清涧河流域主要河段的地表水水质为劣V类。平水期的主要污染物是
挥发酚、总磷、氨氮、石油类、COD。枯水期污染分担率排前五位的项目是石油类,总
磷,挥发酚,氨氮,氯化物。枯水期比平水期水质显著恶化,影响枯水期地表水质量的
关键因子是石油类。
(2)造成延河、清涧河流域污染的主要原因有:①在原油的开采、运输过程中的
滴漏,石油炼制过程中含油废水、废液的非法排放,以及频发的石油泄漏事故,都使得
该地区水质受到严重污染。②人口的増加使得延安市城乡生活污水的排放量急速増长,
城市污水厂处理能力不足,大量未经处理的生活污水直接排入河道超过了河流的纳污能
力。③由于地处水土流失严重的黄土高原地区,表土和农业肥料中的氮和磷都极易流失,
农业肥料不合理的大量施用使得大量的氮和磷随地表径流汇入河流,造成河水水质恶
化
(3)王窑水库检測出少量石油类污染物。这是出于事故发生时尽管河面上的原油
已经被打捞清理干净,但是仍有原油残留于河岸边和河床泥上,在降雨期汇入了王窑水
库,致使水库石油类污染物微量积累。
(4)延河、清涧河流域和北洛河流域地表水砷、镉、铅、氟化物、硝酸盐、氰化
物、氟化物、pH、两区域的基本情况相同,几乎不存在超标现象。
(5)延河、清涧河流域和北洛河流域地表水挥发酚、总磷、氨氮、COD这四项污
染因子相比较存在以下特点:氨氮的污染程度相近,挥发酚、总磷、COD在延河流域
污染程度比洛河更为严重,延河流域的污染的普遍程度大大超过洛河流域。这与延河流
域相对于洛河流域人口密集,排污口数量众多有很大关系
关键词:地表水,水质评价,石油污染,水污染,石油污染事故
The surface water pollution investigation and evalution
of Yanhe River and Qingjianhe River
Abstract
In the past few years, surface water was seriously deteriorated by the exploitation of
petroleum and the expansion of urbanization in the Northern Shaannxi province and lack of
water resource has been continuously aggravated. So the quality of surface water in Yan'an
city has been paid more attention by experts and residents. By collecting previous monitoring
data, field investigating, location sampling and indoor testing, the detailed water quality of
Yanhe and Qingjianhe River have been evaluated. The samples were collected both in low
water and normal water period at 30 sampling spots. Approximately 400 bottles of surface
water, I bottle of fountain and I bottle of well water were collected. Total of 17 indexes: PH
salinity, Hardness, Cr As, Cd, Pb, ammonia nitrogen, volatile phenol, oil, COD, chloride, sulfate,
nitrate nitrogen, total phosphorus, cyanide, fluoride were chosen to analyze the pollution
degree. Main pollution factors and situation of different pollution area were then analyzed and
the main reasons of pollution were found out. In addition, careful investigation was carried
out both in the Upper and Lower reaches of Wang Yao Reservoir, which is the water source of
Yan An city, after the"8.29 Xing Zihe river leakage accident. By comparing the water quality
of Beiluohe River to the Yanhe and Qingjianhe River, the similarities and differences situation
of water pollutions between two regions are as follows
(1 )The surface water quality of main drainage areas in Yanhe and Qingjianhe River are
the poor category V. The major pollutants are volatile phenol, total phosphorus, ammonia
nitrogen, petroleum and COD in normal water period. In low water period the major
pollutants are total phosphorus, volatile phenol, ammonia nitrogen and chloride. The pollution
in Low-flow period is more serious. The ke