机械加工简介(英语版).doc

Machining: An Introduction
In terms of annual dollars spent, machining is the most important of the manufacturing processes. Machining can be defined as the process of removing material from a workpiece in the form of chips. The term metal cutting is used when the material is metallic. Most machining has very low set-up cost compared to forming, molding, and casting processes. However, machining is much more expensive for high volumes. Machining is necessary where tight tolerances on dimensions and finishes are required.
The Machining section is divided into the following categories:
Drilling: Introduction
Drilling is easily the most common machining process. One estimate is that 75% of all metal-cutting material removed comes from drilling operations.
Drilling involves the creation of holes that are right circular cylinders. This is accomplished most typically by using a twist drill, something most readers will have seen before. The figure below illustrates a cross section of a hole being cut by a common twist drill:
The chips must exit through the flutes to the outside of the tool. As can be seen in the figure, the cutting front is embedded within the workpiece, making cooling difficult. The cutting area can be flooded, coolant spray mist can be applied, or coolant can be delivered through the drill bit shaft. For an overview of the chip-formation process, see the Chip Formation Section.
Drilling Characteristics
The characteristics of drilling that set it apart from other powered metal cutting operations are:
?The chips must exit out of the hole created by the cutting.
?Chip exit can cause problems when chips are large and/or continuous.
?For deep holes in large workpieces, coolant may need to be delivered through the drill shaft to the cutting front.
?Of the powered metal cutting processes, drilling on a drill press is the most likely to be performed by someone who is not a machinist.
Drill Press Work Area
A view of the metal-cutting area of a drill press is shown below. The workpiece is held in place by a clamp since cutting forces can be quite large. It is dangerous to hold a workpiece by hand during drilling since cutting forces can unpredictably get quite large and wrench the part away. Wood is often used underneath the part so that the drill bit can overshoot without damaging the table. The table also has holes for drill overshoot as well as weight reduction. A three-jaw chuck is used since three points determine a circle in two dimensions. Four-jaw chucks are rarely seen since offset of the bit is not necessary. The next section contains illustrations of drill bit chucks. To get an idea of the differing configurations of three and four-jaw chucks, please see the equivalent lathe chucks.
Turning: Engine Lathe
Turning is another of the basic machining processes. Information in this section is organized according to the subcategory links in the menu bar to the left.
?
Turning produces solids of revolution which can be tightly toleranced because of the specialized nature of the operation. Turning is performed on a machine called a lathe in which the tool is stationary and the part is rotated. The figure below illustrates an engine lathe. Lathes are designed solely for turning operations, so that precise control of the cutting results in tight tolerances. The work piece is mounted on the chuck, which rotates relative to the stationary tool.