集群式供应链研究.doc

摘 要
随着科学技术的进步和生产力的发展,顾客(Customer)消费水平的不断提高,企业之间的竞争(Competition)日益加剧,加上经济和社会环境的巨大变化(Change),使得整个市场需求的不确定性增大。特别是在我国正面临着经济转型和融入全球经济体系的进程中,“3C”所带来的内外部环境不确定性的变化,使得我国企业不得不进行组织和制度形式的创新,以提高自身的国际竞争力。
产业集群和供应链管理作为有效的区域经济发展载体和组织管理范式,正成为诸多地方经济实体和企业生存与发展的关键。改革开放以来,我国集群经济得到了迅猛发展,以浙江的“块状经济”和广东的“专业镇经济”为代表,涌现出一批经营灵活的中小企业集群,极大的促进了当地经济的发展,引起了很多地方政府和企业的高度重视。但是,在实际运作中,产业集群内的企业往往只是出于对资源和信息的共享而进行简单的“扎堆”,企业之间存在更多的是竞争而不是合作,整个集群系统缺乏一个高效、科学的供应链系统来进行整合。
本文从产业集群与供应链耦合的角度出发,从目前主流的以某一企业为视角的单链式供应链管理研究,延伸到以某一产业集群为视角的网络式供应链(即集群式供应链)管理的研究。文章首先对产业集群和供应链管理的基本理论进行了一般性的梳理和归纳,为后面将产业集群和供应链结合起来进行研究打下基础。然后,通过对国内外现有的将产业集群和供应链结合起来研究的理论成果进行深入的分析,进而提出了集群式供应链的概念,认为集群式供应链是一种“源于企业,但不限于企业;依于集群,但不囿于集群”的产业组织。文章接着对集群式供应链的特征和类型进行了系统的归纳与分析,指出我国当前主要存在单一中心型、多中心型和无中心型三类集群式供应链组织。文章在总结不同类型集群式供应链共同特点的基础上,设计和归纳出集群式供应链的总体组织构架(名词性组织),并进一步指出驱动集群式供应链高效运作的四个驱动因素。接下来是文章的核心部分,即从四个驱动因素的角度,对不同类型的集群式供应链具体的组织模式进行研究(动词性组织),并分别给予相应的产业集群实例进行论证。最后,基于以上分析,文章从政府、中间结构以及企业三个层面,提出了提升集群式供应链系统运作效率的具体政策及保障措施。
关键字:产业集群,供应链,集群式供应链,组织模式
ABSTRACT
Along with the development of technology and productivity, it makes the uncertainty of market demand increase that the consumption level of customer enhancing continuously, the competition among enterprises intensifying and the greatly change of the economy and social environment. The uncertainty change of internal and external environment caused by “3C”, makes enterprises carry on the organization and the system form innovation, in order to enhance the international competitive power themselves, especially during the progress of economy transforming and being melted into the global economic system.
The industrial cluster and the supply chain management, as the effective development carrier of region economy and the model of organization manage, is becoming the key of survival and development for many economic entities and the enterprises. Since the reform and open policy, cluster economy in China has developed fleetly and emerged many small-sized enterprise clusters, take the “block economy” in Zhejiang Province and the “specialized town economy” in Guangdong Province for example. They accelerate the local economy development enormously, and cause the high recognition for many local authorities and the enterprises. In fact, the enterprises in the industrial cluster only collect simply to share the resources and information. There lacks of one highly effective supply chain system to integrate the enterprises together, and exists more competition than cooperation in cluster.
This paper takes the coupling between industrial cluster and supply chain as the new angle, from the study of single supply chain that is the mainstream theory based on the enterprise at present, to the study of net supply chain based on the industrial cluster. First, the article generally analyzes and concludes the basic theories of the management of the industrial cluster and the supply chain, paving the way for the joint research of the two later, then brings forward the concept of cluster supply chain based on the domestic and international research of the two together, considering the cluster supply chain as such a organization: “originated but not limited to the enterprise, based on but not localized to the cluster”. After giving the concept, the article analyzes and concludes the types and the characters of the cluster supply chain generally, pointing out that there are three kinds of cluster supply chain organization in our country presently: single-centered, mu